Investigating the Relationship between the Sources of the News Media and Audiences’ Gratification: Balochistan Case Study

Authors

  • Jan Muhammad University Utara Malaysia, Kedah State, 06010- Malaysia
  • Awan Bt Ismail University Utara Malaysia, Kedah State, 06010- Malaysia

Keywords:

Audiences in Balochistan, Public Trust, News Sources in Balochistan, User and Gratification Theory, News Media and Public Relationship, Distrust in the public sphere

Abstract

The primary purpose of journalism is to create knowledgeable people and societies. This can only be possible when news sources tell the truth and earn the trust of the public through people-centric reporting. Previous reports show that the news media in many societies around the world failed to satisfy users by broadcasting human-centric programming. Even news sources tried to mislead and misinform the public, thereby losing their trust. This article focused on understanding the relationship of news sources with audiences of Balochistan by examining which news sources people in Balochistan use most often to be well-informed about their issues. This study used the qualitative method and conducted 18 interviews of key informants who belonged to diverse professions with at least 15 years of experience. The findings of this study conclude that the participants primarily rely on Haal Ehwaal (human-to-human interaction) to become well-informed about issues in Balochistan because they trust it the most. Participants treated two local newspapers as the second, and social media platforms as their third sources of news. The results of this study may help news media groups in Pakistan in improving their relationships with viewers in Balochistan by giving them equal representation in reporting.

References

Alam, Riffat, and Shafique Jullandhary. "Coverage of Baluchistan Issues in leading Newspapers of Pakistan." Journal of Media Studies 32.2 (2019).

Arif, Mazhar. “White Authority in Pakistani Media, Lubpak, 31 Oct. 2010, lubpak.com/archives/27694. Accessed 23 Dec. 2023.

Ashraf, S. A. B. N. "Journalism ethics: Evidence from media industry of Pakistan." Global Media Journal: Pakistan Edition 7.2 (2014): 25-36.

Akbar, Malik Siraj. The Redefined Dimensions of Baloch Nationalist Movement. Xlibris Corporation, 2011.

Bansal, Alok. "Balochistan: Continuing violence and its implications." Strategic Analysis 30.1 (2006): 47-63.

Aeni, Qurrotul. HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENYESUAIAN DIRI DENGAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL PADA MAHASISWA BARU FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM SULTAN AGUNG SEMARANG DI MASA TRANSISI PASCA PANDEMI. Diss. Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, 2023.

D. Bauder. “Trust in media is so low that half of Americans now believe that news organizations deliberately mislead them.” Fortune. Feb. 16, 2022. https://fortune.com/2023/02/15/trust-in-media-low-misinform-mislead-biased-republicans-democrats-poll-gallup/ (accessed: Dec. 23, 2023).

W. Weiss, “Jay G. Blumler and Elihu Katz eds., The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills, California, Sage Publications, 1974, 318 pp., $7.50.” Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 132-133, 1976, doi: 10.1086/268277.

A. Chandrasekhar. “Baloch leader unfazed by Pakistan.” Swissinfo. Mar. 01, 2017. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/baloch-republican-party_baloch-leader-unfazed-by-pakistan-s-arrest-request/42996442 (accessed: Dec. 23, 2023).

“Public trust in the news media is tragically low.” Dallas News. Jan. 14, 2022. https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2023/01/14/public-trust-in-the-news-media-is-tragically-low/ (accessed: Dec. 23, 2023).

B. Fan, S. Liu, G. Pei, Y. Wu, and L. Zhu, “Why Do You Trust News? The Event-Related Potential Evidence of Media Channel and News Type.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 12, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663485.

X. Cao and P. R. Brewer, “Political Comedy Shows and Public Participation in Politics.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 90-99, 2008, doi: 10.1093/ijpor/edm030.

J. Smith, “Reviews : Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Polity Press/MIT, 1989).” Thesis Eleven, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 182-187, 1992, doi: 10.1177/072551369203100115.

R. Hoque, SATISFACTION WITH AND PERCEPTIONS OF NEWS MEDIA PERFORMANCE WITH ALIENATION FROM GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS CORPORATIONS. 2019.

A. Rauf, SOCIAL MOBILISATION AND ONLINE SEPARATIST MOVEMENT IN BALOCHISTAN. Margalla Papers, 2011. 129-154.

Kameda, Tatsuya, Masanori Takezawa, and Reid Hastie. "The logic of social sharing: An evolutionary game analysis of adaptive norm development." Personality and Social Psychology Review 7.1 (2003): 2-19.

Bauder, David, and The Associated Press. “Trust in Media Is so Low That Half of Americans Now Believe That News Organizations Deliberately Mislead Them.” Fortune, 15 Feb. 2023, fortune.com/2023/02/15/trust-in-media-low-misinform-mislead-biased-republicans-democrats-poll-gallup/. Accessed 24 Dec. 2023.

M. A. R. Iqbal, T. Kameda, M. Takezawa, and R. Hastie, “The logic of social sharing: An evolutionary game analysis of adaptive norm development,” Personality & Social Psychology Review, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 2–19, 2003

G. Kemp, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press, 201

S.-H. Kim, “Testing the knowledge gap hypothesis in South Korea: Traditional news media, the internet, and political learning,” Int. J. Public Opin. Res., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 193–210, 2008.

Knight Foundation, “American Views 2022: Part 2 trust, media and Democracy,” Knight Foundation. [Online]. Available: https://knightfoundation.org/reports/american-views-2023-part-2/. [Accessed: 24-Dec-2023].

A. McClung Lee, “LAZARSFELD, PAUL F., BERNARD BERELSON, and HAZEL GAUDET. The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. (second edition.) pp. Xxxiii, 178. New York: Columbia university press, 1948. $2.75,” Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Soc. Sci., vol. 261, no. 1, pp. 194–194, 1949

Linley Sanders, Linley. (08 May 2023). Trust in Media 2023: What news outlets do Americans trust most for information? Today You Gov. https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2023/05/08/2023-trust-in-media-what-news-outlets-trust-poll.

“Social media in bringing social change in balochistan”, Sep. 10, 2019.

“The Mass Media as Sentinel: Why Bad News About Issues is Good News for Participation”, Apr. 30, 2008.

S. H. Kim, “Testing the knowledge gap hypothesis in South Korea: Traditional news media, the internet, and political learning,” International Journal of Public Opinion Research, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 193–210, 2008.

A. Pillalamarri, “A brief history of Balochistan,” The Diplomat, The Diplomat, 12-Feb-2016.

T. E. Ruggiero, “Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century,” Separatist Movement in Pakistan, vol. 3, pp. 3–37, 2000.

T. Hassan, Representation of Indigenous People in Pakistan. 2017.

A. Siddiqa, “Pakistan’s media silence on Balochistan can no longer be ignored after Karachi suicide attack,” Greekcitytimes.com, 05-Nov-2022. [Online]. Available: https://greekcitytimes.com/2022/05/11/balochistan-karachi-suicide-attack/. [Accessed: 24-Dec-2023].

A. A. Khan et al., “Genetic polymorphism of 15 autosomal short tandem repeats in Baloch population of Pakistan,” Int. J. Legal Med., vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 775–776, 2019.

B. Spooner, “Baluchistan: Geography, History, and Ethnography,” in Researchgate.net, 1998.

J. H. Syed, “The British Advent in Balochistan,” Pakistan Journal of History, 2007.

P. Vanderwicken, “Why the news is not the truth,” Harvard business review, 01-May-1995.

X. Zhao and S. H. Chaffee, “Campaign advertisements versus television news as sources of political issue information,” Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 41–65, 199

Q. Siddique, “Pakistani or Baloch?A Precursory Study of the Baloch Separatist Movement in Pakistan,” vol. 20, 2014.

Seyal, Waqar Ahmed. "Representation of Indigenous People in Pakistan." (2017).

I. Rizvi, “Punjab’s dominance in army being reduced: ISPR,” Dawn, DAWN.COM, 14-Sep-2007.

P. S. Martin, “The mass media as sentinel: Why bad news about issues is good news for participation,” Political Communication, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 180–193, 2008.

T. E. Ruggiero, “Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century,” Mass communication & society, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 3–37, 2000.

T. Kameda, M. Takezawa, and R. Hastie, “The logic of social sharing: An evolutionary game analysis of adaptive norm development,” Personality & Social Psychology Review, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 2–19, 2003.

R. Baron, D. Byrne, and N. Branscombe, Social psychology. Princeton, N.J.: Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic. 2008.

M. Sharif, “Media and Balochistan: A critical discourse analysis,” Pakistan Today, 10-May-2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/05/10/media-and-balochistan-a-critical-discourse-analysis/. [Accessed: 25-Dec-2023].

S. Salamat, “Balochistan in media - media in Balochistan,” Daily Times, 13-Jun-2022. [Online]. Available: https://dailytimes.com.pk/950969/balochistan-in-media-media-in-balochistan/. [Accessed: 25-Dec-2023].

M. Karakoulaki, “Pakistan’s media creates barriers to baloch women’s struggle for justice,” Media Diversity Institute, 03-Aug-2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.media-diversity.org/pakistans-media-creates-barriers-to-baloch-womens-struggle-for-justice/. [Accessed: 25-Dec-2023].

F. Batool, “Pakistan’s floods and the role of media –,” South Asian Voices, 23-Sep-2022. [Online]. Available: https://southasianvoices.org/pakistans-floods-and-the-role-of-media/. [Accessed: 25-Dec-2023].

Downloads

Published

2020-12-31

How to Cite

Jan Muhammad, & Awan Bt Ismail. (2020). Investigating the Relationship between the Sources of the News Media and Audiences’ Gratification: Balochistan Case Study. International Journal of Social Sciences: Current and Future Research Trends, 20(1), 240–257. Retrieved from https://ijsscfrtjournal.isrra.org/index.php/Social_Science_Journal/article/view/1447

Issue

Section

Articles