Role of Politics in Pakistan Economy
Keywords:
Marshal Law, Socio-Political impact, Muddling nineties, revivalist of economy, economic paradoxAbstract
In this article, I am going to discuss the role of politics in the Pakistan Economy. Initially, I analyze the historical context, in which I divide them into decade’s and talk about the politics and its effect (positive or negative) on the economic development of decade’s respectively along with the GDP of each decade. Afterwards, I discuss the prominent debate about economic development in Democratic and authoritarian regimes and also discuss the effect of the Politics of sanctions and aid on Pakistan Economy by western power especially the United States. In the end, I am talking about the external Influence on the politico-economic of our country.
References
. substantive discussion of the political and economic developments in this period, see: Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968); Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan in the 20th Century: A Political History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Safdar Mahmood, Pakistan: Political Roots and Development 1947-99 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Hamid Yusuf, Pakistan: A Study of Political Developments 1947-97 (Lahore: SangeMeel Publications, 1999); Andrus, J. Russell and Aziz Ali Mohammed, Trade, Finance and Development in Pakistan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966); and Viqar Ahmed and Rashid Amjad, The Management of Pakistan’s Economy 1947-82 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984). https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0 Yusuf, Pakistan: A Study of Political Developments 1947-97.
. Qadiani is a religious minority sect that is not accepted as truly Islamic by orthodox Islamic group.https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. Keith Callard, Pakistan: A Political Study (Oxford: Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1968).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. This interesting period has been scrutinized by a number of scholars. AltafGauhar, Ayub Khan: Pakistan’s First Military Ruler (Lahore: SangeMeel Publications, 1994); Hasan Askari Rizvi, The Military and Politics in Pakistan (Lahore: SangeMeel Publications, 2000); Saeed Shafqat, Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997); Herbert Feldman, From Crisis to Crisis: Pakistan 1962-69 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972); Rushbrook Williams, The State of Pakistan (London: Faber and Faber, 1966); MahbubulHaq, The Strategy of Economic Planning: A Case Study of Pakistan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963); Irving Brecher and S.A. Abbas, Foreign Aid and Industrial Development in Pakistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972); and Stephen Lewis Jr., Economic Policy and Industrial Growth in Pakistan (London: Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1969).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. The two books produced by the Harvard advisors, G.F. Papanek, Pakistan’s Development: Social Goals and Private Incentives (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967); and W. Falcon and G.F. Papenik , Development Policy II/The Pakistan Experience (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), summarize the philosophy that underpinned the Ayub era’s economic policies and management https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. S.J. Burki and Laporte R., Pakistan’s Development Priorities (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1984).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. Omar Noman, The Economic and Political Development of Pakistan (London: Routledge, 1991).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. World Bank, Pakistan Development Policy Review—A New Dawn? (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002). https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. Raunaq Jahan, Pakistan: Failure in National Integration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. For an authoritative account see Hasan Zaheer, The Separation of East Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1994).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. I.A. Rehman, Editorial, International News (Pakistan), 19 July 2009. -economy https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans -0
. The narratives of this period can be found in: Anwar Syed, “The Pakistan’s Peoples Party” in Lawrence Ziring, R. Braibanti and H. Wriggins, eds., Pakistan: The Long View (Durham, NC: Duke University Center for Commonwealth and Comparative Studies, 1977); Gilbert T. Brown, “Pakistan’s Economic Development after 1971” in the same volume; S.J. Burki, Pakistan under Bhutto 1971-77 (London: Macmillan, 1980); and MahbubulHaq and MoinBaqai, Employment, Distribution and Basic Needs: Essays in honour of JawaidAzfar (Lahore: Progressive Publications, 1986).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0Farzana Shaikh, Making Sense of Pakistan (London: Hurst & Co., 2009). https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. The widespread perception that income inequalities rose during the high-growth period of Ayub Khan and declined during the socialist period of Z.A. Bhutto is belied by the following data: the Gini coefficient in 1963/64: 0.355; in 1968/69: 0.328; in 1979: 0.375. Presented by researchers A.R. Kemal and Moazzam Mahmood, “Poverty and Policy in Pakistan” in Tariq Banuri, Shahrukh Rafi Khan and Moazzam Mahmood, eds., Just Development: Beyond Adjustment with a Human Face (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. For a more sympathetic view see HarisGazdar, “Poverty in Pakistan: A Review,” in Shahrukh Rafi Khan, ed., Fifty Years of Pakistan’s Ec https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. For a review of this period by a close aide and confidant of Zia, see K.M. Arif, “The Role of the Military in Politics 1947-97” in Hafeez Malik, ed., Pakistan: Founder’s Aspirations and Today’s Realities(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001); K.M. Arif, Working with Zia: Pakistan’s Power Politics 1977-88 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1995); other analyses include S.J. Burki and Craig Baxter, Pakistan under the Military: Eleven Years of ZiaulHaq (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991); Mohammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law 1977-1985 (Lahore: Vanguard Books Ltd., 2002); and ZingelLattlemant, ed., Pakistan in the 1980s (Lahore: Vanguard Books Ltd., 1985).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. Hassan Abbas, Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism (London: M.E. Sharpe, 2005).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. The tumultuous history of this period can be found in Craig Baxter, ed., Pakistan on the Brink: Politics, Economics, and Society (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004); Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan at the Crosscurrent of History (Lahore: Vanguard Books Ltd., 2004), particularly the chapter on Democracy and Hypocrisy; Owen Bennett Jones, Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (Lahore: Vanguard Books Ltd., 2002); S. Akbar Zaidi, Issues in Pakistan’s Economy (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999); and Ian Talbot, “The Destruction of Democracy in Pakistan” and “Democracy in Crisis: Pakistan Politics 1993-98” in Ian Talbot, ed., Pakistan: A Modern History (Lahore: Vanguard Books Ltd., 1999). https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. S.J. Burki, in Shahrukh Rafi Khan, ed., Pakistan under Musharraf, 1998-2002: Economic Reform and Political Change (Lahore: Vanguard Books 2004); and Ahmed Faruqi, “Musharraf’s Crisis of Legitimacy” in S.F. Hasnat and A. Faruqi, eds., Pakistan: Unresolved issues of State and Society (Lahore: Vanguard Books Ltd., 2008).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. Ishrat Husain, Economic Management in Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2003).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. Allen McGrath, The Destruction of Pakistan’s Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. For the long-term economic history of Pakistan, see M.L. Qureshi, Planning and Development in Pakistan: Review and Alternatives 1947-82 (Lahore: Vanguard Books Limited, 1984); S. Akbar Zaidi, Issues; Shahrukh Rafi Khan, Musharraf; Parvez Hasan, Pakistan’s Economy at the Crossroads: Past Policies and Present Imperatives (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998); Ishrat Husain, Pakistan: The Economy of an Elitist State (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999); S.J. Burki, Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood: Third Edition (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999); and Aftab Ahmad Khan, “Economic Development,” in Rafi Raza, ed., Pakistan in Perspective 1947-1997 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001).https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. Allen McGrath, The Destruction of Pakistan’s Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
. Oxford University For the long-term economic history of Pakistan, see M.L. Qureshi, Planning and Development inPakistan: Review and Alternatives 1947-82 (Lahore: Vanguard Books Limited, 1984); S. Akbar Zaidi,Issues; Shahrukh Rafi Khan, Musharraf; Parvez Hasan, Pakistan’s Economy at the Crossroads: Past Policiesand Present Imperatives (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998); Ishrat Husain, Pakistan: The Economyof an Elitist State (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999); S.J. Burki, Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood:Third Edition (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999); and Aftab Ahmad Khan, “Economic Development,”in Rafi Raza, ed., Pakistan in Perspective 1947-1997 (Karachi: Press, 2001). https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0
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